home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search
- History
- The Sudetenland
-
- On January 30, 1933, the Nazis acquired mastery of Germany when Adolf
- Hitler was appointed chancellor. That evening Hitler stood triumphantly
- in the window of the Reich Chancellery waving to thousands of storm
- troopers who staged parades throughout the streets of Berlin. The Nazis
- proclaimed that their Third Reich would be the greatest civilization in
- history and would last for thousands of years. But the meteoric rise of
- Hitler and national socialism was followed by an almost equally rapid
- defeat; the Third Reich survived for a mere twelve years. But one of the
- main causes of World War II was HitlerÆs public justification for the
- dismemberment of the Czech state through either war or diplomacy was the
- plight of the 3.5 million ethnic Germans the Treaty of Versailles had
- left inside Czechoslovakia. The main land that Hitler wanted to annex to
- Germany was that of the Sudetenland, where most of the people living
- there were of German origin. The land also bordered Germany to the South
- East, and Germany was prepared to conquer this land at all cost.
-
-
- "And now before us stands the last problem that must be solved and will
- be solved It (the Sudetenland) is the last territorial claim which I
- have to make in Europe, but it is the claim from which I will not
- recedeà" - Adolf Hitler, in a speech in Berlin, September 26 1938, just
- prior to the Munich conference.
-
- Most of the German minorities live in Sudetenland, an economically
- valuable and strategically important area along the Czech border with
- Germany and Austria. The grievances of the Sudeten Germans against the
- Czech state had led to the rise of a strong German nationalist movement
- in the Sudetenland. By the mid -1930Æs, this movement had the support of
- almost 70 percent of the Sudeten German population. Their leader, the
- pro-Nazi Konrad Heinlen, began demanding autonomy for this region Both
- the real and contrived problems of the Sudeten Germans added credibility
- to HitlerÆs charge that they were denied the right of self-determination
- and lived as an oppressed minority, which he was obligated to defend In
- the spring of 1938, Heinlein was directed by Hitler to make demands that
- the Czechs could not accept, thereby giving Germany a reason to
- intervene. The Czech situation soon turned into an international crisis
- that dominated the European scene for the rest of that current year.
-
- The weekend which began on Friday, May 20, 1938, developed into a
- critical one and would later be remembered as the "May crisis." During
- the ensuing forty-eight hours, the Governments in London, Paris, Prague
- and Moscow were panicked into the belief that Europe stood nearer to
- war than it had at any time since the summer of 1914. This may have been
- largely due to the possibility that new plans for a German attack on
- Czechoslovakia called "Case Green" which were drawn up for him, got
- leaked out. Hitler had begun to prepare an attack on the Sudetenland.
- The target date was the beginning of October. He was prepared to employ
- an army of ninety-six divisions. The Czechoslovak Government, aware of
- HitlerÆs intentions but uncertain when the blow would fall, ordered a
- partial mobilization on May 21. Hitler was outraged, explaining to his
- generals that he had offered no threat and was being treated with
- contempt. He had been humiliated, and no one yet humiliated him with
- impunity. His rage against Czechoslovakia increased, and on May 30 he
- issued a secret directive to his high command: "It is my unalterable
- decision to smash Czechoslovakia by military action in the near future."
-
- All through the summer Britain, France and the Soviet Union were aware
- that Hitler planned to strike at the Sudetenland and perhaps the whole
- of Czechoslovakia. The Czechoslovaks had an excellent intelligence
- system with Germany and knew from day to day what Hitler was planning.
- Germany also had an excellent intelligence system, and in addition it
- had in Konrad Henlein, the National Socialist leader in the Sudetenland,
- a man who would stop at nothing to produce an insurrection or an act of
- deliberate provocation against the Czechoslovak Government. The German
- newspapers were filled with accounts of mass arrests of innocent men and
- women in the Sudetenland, and there were the inevitable circumstantial
- stories "by our correspondent." Nonexistent people in nonexistent
- villages were being slaughtered. The Czechoslovak Government attempted
- to refute some of these stories but gave up in despair. Hitler ordered a
- massive propaganda barrage against Czechoslovakia to prepare the German
- people for the October invasion.
-
- On September 12th at Nuremberg, Hitler went as close to declaring war
- against Czechoslovakia as possible without actually signing the order to
- his troops to advance into enemy territory. He cried out that the
- Czechoslovak Government was using all of its means possible to
- annihilate the 3.5 million Sudeten Germans. He claimed that these people
- were being deprived of their rights, for example, they were not
- permitted to sing German songs or to wear white stockings. If indeed
- they went through with any of these crimes they were brutally struck
- down. Although the tone was ferociously threatening, he gave no examples
- of atrocities, perhaps because there were none. "The misery of the
- Sudeten Germans is without end," he declared. He then went on to promise
- that Germany would take care of her own and put an end to the continued
- oppression of 3.5 million Germans. "I hope that the foreign statesman
- will be convinced that these are not mere words," he added ominously.
-
- This incredible declaration caused all of Europe to scramble and
- mobilize its respective armies. Hitler was demanding the direct
- annexation of the Sudetenland by the Reich, hinting that if necessary,
- he would resort to war. The Prime Minister of Britain, Neville
- Chamberlain was particularly distressed by the reports coming out of
- Germany. Feeling that quick action was necessary, he sent off a
- seven-line telegram to Hitler:
-
- Having regard to the increasingly critical situation, I propose to visit
- you immediately in order to make an attempt to find a peaceful solution.
- I come to you by air and am ready to leave tomorrow. Please inform me of
- the earliest time you can receive me, and tell me the place of meeting.
- I should be grateful for a very early reply.
- Neville Chamberlain
-
- Hitler accepted Chamberlain and following an entire days talks with
- Hitler, an exhausted Chamberlain flew back to London to consult with his
- colleagues. Over the next week, Chamberlain met many more times with
- Hitler. However, there was still a discrepancy over the exact date when
- the evacuation would begin. On September 29th, 1938 the Munich
- Conference was held. It was attended by representatives of France,
- Italy, Germany and Britain. During the course of this conference a pact
- was drawn up and signed by all the representatives of the respective
- countries.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Secret Reich Affairs
- Agreement
- reached between Germany the United Kingdom
- France and Italy,
- in Munich on 29 September 1938
- Germany, the United Kingdom, France and Italy, taking into consideration
- the agreement, which has already been reached in principle for the
- cession to Germany of the Sudeten German territory, have agreed on the
- following terms and conditions governing the said cession and the
- measures consequent thereon, and by this agreement they each hold
- themselves responsible for the steps necessary to secure its
- fulfillment:-
- 1. The evacuation will begin on the 1st October.
- 2. The United Kingdom, France and Italy agree that the evacuation of
- the territory shall be completed by October 10th, without any existing
- installations having been destroyed and that the Czechoslovak Government
- will be held responsible for carrying out the evacuation without damage
- to the said installations.
- àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà
- 7. There shall be the right of option into and out of the transferred
- territories, the option to be exercised within six months from the date
- of this agreement. A German-Czechoslovak commission shall determine the
- details of the option, consider ways of facilitating the transfer of
- population and settle questions of principle arising out of the said
- transfer.
- 8.The Czechoslovak Government will within a period of 4 weeks
- from the date of this agreement release from their
- military and police forces any Sudeten Germans who may wish to be
- released, and the Czechoslovak Government will within the same period
- release Sudeten German prisoners who are serving terms of imprisonment
- for political offenses.
-
- Munich, September 29, 1938
-
- ADOLF HITLER
- ED. DALADIER MUSSOLINI
- NEVILLE CHAMBERLAIN
-
-
-
- The date set in the pact for the beginning of Czechoslovakian
- evacuation of the territory was October 1st 1938, and German occupation
- of four specified districts was to take place in successive stages
- between October 1 and 7. Additional territories of predominantly German
- population were to be specified by an international commission composed
- of delegates from France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy and
- Czechoslovakia, and those territories were to be occupied by Germany by
- October 10th. The international commission was also to determine and
- occupy areas in which plebiscites were to be held and fix a date for
- such plebiscites no later than the end of November. The plebiscites,
- however, were never held. It was also agreed that if the claims of
- Hungarian and Polish minorities in Czechoslovakia were not settled in
- three months, a new conference was to be convened. Great Britain and
- France agreed, in an annex to the pact, to guarantee the new boundaries
- of Czechoslovakia against aggression, as did Germany.
- The night of the Munich conference Chamberlain slept in Munich, and in
- the morning he called on Hitler to sign the Anglo-German agreement.
- After all that Chamberlain had done for Hitler he felt that the least he
- could demand of Hitler was a declaration of peaceful intentions toward
- England. Hitler signed the document without any particular show of
- interest, since for him the "method of consultation" was totally
- meaningless. Chamberlain returned to England in triumph, waving the
- letter to cheerful crowds, believing that the peace of Europe was
- assured for a generation. The belief was not shared by Hitler who
- despised Chamberlain as a weakling. "Our enemies are little worms," he
- said a year later. "I saw them at Munich."
-
-
- In conclusion, HitlerÆs victory was complete: the Sudetenland was his.
- While there were still a few minor details to sort out, Adolf Hilter had
- gotten what he had come for. However, in March 1939, the Munich pact was
- nullified when the Germans invaded Czecho-Slovakia and subsequently made
- most of the country a German protectorate.
-
-
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
-
- Payne, Robert. The Life and Death of Adolf Hitler. Praeger Publishers
- Inc., 1973. Library of congress catalog card number: 72-92891.
-
- Shirer, William L. The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich. Simon &
- Schuster, Inc., 1960. Library of congress catalog card number:
- 60-6729.
-
- Bendersky, Joseph W. A History of Nazi Germany. Nelson-Hall Inc., 1985.
- Library of congress catalog card number:
- 18-3047.
-
- Microsoft Encarta. Munich Pact. Microsoft/Funk & WagnallÆs corporation,
- 1993.
-
- Kohn, Hans. The Mind of Germany. Harper & Row Publishers, 1965. Library
- of congress catalog number:
- 60-6329.
-
- Bessel, Richard. Life in the Third Reich. Oxford University Press, 1987.
- Library of congress catalog number:
- 64-7689